Here is a link to answer your capacity questions:
http://www.databasezone.com/techdocs/acclimit.html
1. 50,000 records is not really much for Access, but it depends on how deep the rows are and the data types.
2. You will want to check out some articles on Access Security, but basically it is not a very secure database, so you will want to consider going to SQL Server if the data is sensitive or there are government regulations regarding disclosure of certain kinds of data in the database.
3. Access can be used on a network if implemented properly (split with local front ends) and can be available on the internet, although it is very vulnerable to SQL injection sort of attacks, so a password protected site is best. See Access Data Access Pages. Kind of kludgey though.
4. You should maintain it. SQL Server has maintenance utilties, Access does not. Just back up the back end periodically using copy and paste basically.
5. Record locking issues, update issues, native capacity issues re: number of concurrent users (255), back end file corruption, security file corruption, compact and repair, user workstation configuration headaches, drive mappings, etc. Upsize to SQL Server.
HTH
mmcdonal