There's no straight forward way to do. You could do it programmatically. Here's an example (assuming you have two TextBox controls in your page):
Code:
Protected Sub Page_Init(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Load
Dim allTextBoxes As New List(Of TextBox) From {TextBox1, TextBox2}
For Each textBox As TextBox In allTextBoxes
textBox.Text = "Some default text"
Next
End Sub
Alternatively, if it's worth the trouble when you have many controls, you could subclass your controls and initialize their defaults somehow.
Finally, you could create code snippets that have some defaults set. Not the same thing as setting properties to all controls at once, but it may help during development.
Cheers,
Imar