This article helped me solve the problem.
Which data source do you choose in the Add Connection window? From your description, I think you chose Microsoft SQL Server Database File, right? Please change it to "Microsoft SQL Server".
If the database files are attached using the SQL Server Management Studio, we need to use "Microsoft SQL Server" then specify the server name and database name. Please first make sure the connection information is valid.
If we want to connect to a SQL Server database without attaching it first, we need to use "Microsoft SQL Server Database File" and locate the database files. In this case, the database will be attached and connected using user instance.
User instance is a feature of SQL Server Express. It is not supported by other editions of SQL Server (such as Developer or Enterprise). SQL Server Express is usually installed as a named instance called "SQLEXPRESS", so ".\SQLEXPRESS" is specified automatically.
References:
Add/Modify Connection (Microsoft SQL Server)
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dxb6fxah.aspx
Add/Modify Connection (Microsoft SQL Server Database File)
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tk2tbfb5.aspx
Working with User Instances
http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms254504.aspx