I think you want
<xsl:variable name="date" select="current-date()" as="xs:date"/>
<xsl:variable name="oneDay" select="xs:dayTimeDuration('P1D')" as="xs:dayTimeDuration"/>
<xsl:variable name="scheduleDates" as="xs:date*" select="$schedule//date/xs:date(xs:dateTime(.))"/>
then
test="($date + .*$oneDay) = $scheduleDates"
Michael Kay
http://www.saxonica.com/
Author, XSLT Programmer's Reference and XPath 2.0 Programmer's Reference