First error is at line 21,
Code:
<xsl:if test="not(following-sibling::tablecases/Para0/carf/case)">
<xsl:element name="case">
<xsl:value-of select="preceding-sibling::case"/>
</xsl:element>
</xsl:if>
Both following-sibling::tablecases and preceding-sibling::case are selecting relative to the hapmodule element, which suggests that you either (a) haven't understood the importance of tracking the context node, or (b) that you haven't understood the sibling axis. (I can't correct the code because I have no idea what it is trying to do).
Then your actual bug:
Code:
<xsl:for-each-group select="tablecases/Para0/carf" group-by="case">
If an element in the grouping population has no value for the grouping key, that is, if a carf element has no child called case, then it's not going to be put in any group, and therefore it won't be processed. If you want carf elements with no case child to go in a group on their own, try group-by="string(case)".